透過 Raspberry Pi 的 SPI 介面刷 BIOS

前陣子 Framework Laptop 13 (AMD Ryzen™ 7040 Series) 出了 BIOS 3.19 beta，一如往常使用 fwupdmgr 做更新，重新開機沒多久，更新 BIOS 的進度就… 卡住了。

放置一個小時也沒動靜，按著電源鍵不放也無法 power off，拆機把電池拔掉、重新組回去之後再嘗試開機，只出現一個要求 “reset fTPM key” 的對話框、以及一閃而過的 “BIOS update failed” 錯誤畫面，最後筆電就變磚、再也開不了機了。

跟 Framework Support 討論了一個禮拜、嘗試了幾種重置主機板的方法後，由於筆電已經過保、客服表示只能付費回廠檢修，決定找方法自救。

診斷過程

跟原廠聯絡的過程中，客服提供了兩種重置主機板的方法，包括：

• 按壓主機板 SW3 開關 10 次：How to Reset the Mainboard in your Framework Laptop 13
• 將 RAM, SSD, 電池全部移除，按著主機板 SW1 (Onboard power button) 壓住 1 分鐘後，放置 15 分鐘讓主機板放電。

可惜沒有幫助。另外也配合客服的要求，紀錄側邊兩個擴充卡之間的 LED 閃爍過程、讀取 POST code 判斷故障原因。判讀方法可見 My Framework Laptop (Intel 12th Gen Intel® Core™) is not powering on 的 “If your power button lights up, but you don’t see the screen come on, and the side LEDs are blinking” 一節。

我的情況是兩種 POST code 交替出現：

• WGGGGGGGGGGGGOGBGBBGGG (0b00011010, 0x1A, Memory management issue)
• WGGGGGGGGGGGGOBGBGGGBB (0b11000101, 0xC5, RAM error)

將兩片 DDR5 個別單獨安裝、交換測試後依然無解，猜測有可能是 BIOS 的 SPI flash 出問題。

註：更新 BIOS 的過程中也可能會一併更新 EC firmware (BIOS Release Note 會註明)，若是壞在 EC firmware 則需要找其他辦法刷別的晶片。若在開機經過大約 60 秒時、筆電側邊的 LED 有開始打 POST code，表示 EC firmware 可能是正常的。

當原廠客服得出需要付費送修的結論後，決定來找找是否有方法可以自己修。

準備工具與電路接線

Framework Community 有不少 BIOS 刷壞的討論，我主要參考這兩篇很棒的分享文：

• Success in recovering from bad BIOS upgrade – Framework 13 AMD 7040 by cesfahani
• How to flash bios chips with Raspberry Pi by Tom van Veen

在拆掉 Touchpad Keyboard 後，找到位於主機板正面中間附近的 BIOS 晶片，型號是 Winbond W25R256JWEQ，是個 WSON 8×6-mm 封裝、可以用 SPI 介接的 1.8V 晶片。

從 Winbond 官網找到 W25R256JW 的手冊 查出 Pad 腳位。

準備工具如下：

• 一台 Raspberry Pi：樹莓派的 GPIO 可以兼做 SPI 使用。(註：若沒有樹莓派，電子材料行可能買得到便宜的 CH341A 燒錄器，也可以替代使用。)
• 1.8V 燒錄轉換座 (或稱 1.8V Adapter、level shifter、電平轉換、電位轉換)：RPi 樹莓派只能供應 5V 或 3.3V 電源，需要降壓電路轉換。(如下圖右側)
• WSON8 排距 8.5mm 探針 (keyword: Probe line、Pogo pin、彈簧探針、燒錄測試探針) (如下圖左側)

接線方式 (參考 flashrom on Raspberry Pi: Connecting the flash chip)：

• Pad 1 (/CS) 對應到 RPi Pin 24 (GPIO 8, SPI0 CE0)
• Pad 2 (DO) 對應到 RPi Pin 21 (GPIO 9, SPI0 MISO)
• Pad 3 (/WP) 對應到 RPi Pin 17 (3.3V)
• Pad 4 (GND) 對應到 RPi Pin 25 (GND)
• Pad 5 (DI) 對應到 RPi Pin 19 (GPIO 10, SPI0 MOSI)
• Pad 6 (CLK) 對應到 RPi Pin 23 (GPIO 11, SPI0 SCLK)
• Pad 7 (/HOLD or /RESET) 對應到 RPi Pin 17 (3.3V)
• Pad 8 (VCC) 對應到 RPi Pin 17 (3.3V)

注意：晶片跟 Raspberry Pi 之間不可直接相連、電壓不同會燒壞晶片，以上所有線路都須經過 1.8V 轉換座，部份的腳位如 VCC 也可參考 cesfahani 的作法改接外部電源供應的 1.8V。

接線的樣子會像這樣：

探針需要一點力道壓在晶片焊點上，施力不夠會接觸不良、讓 flashrom 讀寫結果不完整。(中途鬆脫不會報錯)

準備軟體環境

使用 raspi-config 啟用 Raspberry Pi 的 SPI 介面 (/dev/spidev0.0)。

選擇 Interface Options。

選擇 SPI。

選 <Yes>。

確認已啟用 SPI 介面。

接好線路、安裝 flashrom 燒錄軟體，若使用 Ubuntu/Debian-based OS 可從 apt 安裝。

須注意 flashrom 版本不能太舊，有可能會出現以下無法辨識晶片的錯誤：

# flashrom -p linux_spi:dev=/dev/spidev0.0,spispeed=256 
flashrom v1.2 on Linux 6.1.21-v8+ (aarch64)
flashrom is free software, get the source code at https://flashrom.org

Using clock_gettime for delay loops (clk_id: 1, resolution: 1ns).
Found Winbond flash chip "unknown Winbond (ex Nexcom) SPI chip" (0 kB, SPI) on linux_spi.
===
This flash part has status NOT WORKING for operations: PROBE READ ERASE WRITE
The test status of this chip may have been updated in the latest development
version of flashrom. If you are running the latest development version,
please email a report to [email protected] if any of the above operations
work correctly for you with this flash chip. Please include the flashrom log
file for all operations you tested (see the man page for details), and mention
which mainboard or programmer you tested in the subject line.
Thanks for your help!
No operations were specified.

也可以從 Github 抓最新版從原始碼編譯，步驟大略如下：

git clone https://github.com/flashrom/flashrom
cd flashrom
meson setup builddir
meson compile -C builddir
meson test -C builddir
sudo meson install -C builddir

註：在 meson setup builddir 後須確認啟用的 Programmer 至少有支援 linux_spi。若是使用 CH341a 燒錄器則是需要有 ch341a_spi 並補足 libusb-dev 等等的相依套件。

若是使用 flashrom 目前開發中版本，確認晶片狀態時會出現偵測到兩種型號 “W25Q256JW” 與 “W25R256JW”：

# flashrom -p linux_spi:dev=/dev/spidev0.0,spispeed=256 --wp-status
flashrom v1.8.0-devel (git:v1.7.0-49-g6a9fd1dc7) on Linux 6.1.21-v8+ (aarch64)
flashrom is free software, get the source code at https://flashrom.org

Found Winbond flash chip "W25Q256JW" (32768 kB, SPI) on linux_spi.
Found Winbond flash chip "W25R256JW" (32768 kB, SPI) on linux_spi.
Multiple flash chip definitions match the detected chip(s): "W25Q256JW", "W25R256JW"
Please specify which chip definition to use with the -c <chipname> option.

後續下指令都需要多帶 -c W25R256JW 參數指定晶片型號。
時脈參數 spispeed 單位是 kHz，可從 256 開始慢慢試、調到 512 或更高。

重新確認晶片的寫入狀態，寫入保護顯示停用：

# flashrom -p linux_spi:dev=/dev/spidev0.0,spispeed=256 -c W25R256JW --wp-status
flashrom v1.8.0-devel (git:v1.7.0-49-g6a9fd1dc7) on Linux 6.1.21-v8+ (aarch64)
flashrom is free software, get the source code at https://flashrom.org

Found Winbond flash chip "W25R256JW" (32768 kB, SPI) on linux_spi.
===
This flash part has status UNTESTED for operations: WP
The test status of this chip may have been updated in the latest development
version of flashrom. If you are running the latest development version,
please email a report to [email protected] if any of the above operations
work correctly for you with this flash chip. Please include the flashrom log
file for all operations you tested (see the man page for details), and mention
which mainboard or programmer you tested in the subject line.
You can also try to follow the instructions here:
https://www.flashrom.org/contrib_howtos/how_to_mark_chip_tested.html
Thanks for your help!
Protection range: start=0x00000000 length=0x00000000 (none)
Protection mode: disabled

連接正常，終於可以開始對 BIOS 晶片操作。

先備份可能已經壞掉的 BIOS image：

# flashrom -p linux_spi:dev=/dev/spidev0.0,spispeed=512 -c W25R256JW -r dump_bad_bios_319.bin --progress
flashrom v1.8.0-devel (git:v1.7.0-49-g6a9fd1dc7) on Linux 6.1.21-v8+ (aarch64)
flashrom is free software, get the source code at https://flashrom.org

Found Winbond flash chip "W25R256JW" (32768 kB, SPI) on linux_spi.
===
This flash part has status UNTESTED for operations: WP
The test status of this chip may have been updated in the latest development
version of flashrom. If you are running the latest development version,
please email a report to [email protected] if any of the above operations
work correctly for you with this flash chip. Please include the flashrom log
file for all operations you tested (see the man page for details), and mention
which mainboard or programmer you tested in the subject line.
You can also try to follow the instructions here:
https://www.flashrom.org/contrib_howtos/how_to_mark_chip_tested.html
Thanks for your help!
Reading flash... 
[READ: 100%]...done.

準備 BIOS 升級前的版本映像檔，如 3.18 可從 Framework Laptop 13 BIOS and Driver Releases (AMD Ryzen™ 7040 Series) 找到 Update to BIOS 3.18 (EFI Shell update) 的下載連結。

解開壓縮檔、取得 Framework_Laptop_13_Ryzen7040_capsule_signed_allsku_3.18.cap，使用 InsydeH2O-extractor-2 解出 BIOS image 本體 BIOSFILE.FD

$ unzip Framework_Laptop_13_Ryzen7040_BIOS_3.18_EFI.zip
  inflating: CapsuleApp.efi    
  inflating: efi/boot/BootX64.efi    
  inflating: efi/boot/Startup.nsh
  inflating: Framework_Laptop_13_Ryzen7040_capsule_signed_allsku_3.18.cap  
  inflating: winux.bin
$ ./extract Framework_Laptop_13_Ryzen7040_capsule_signed_allsku_3.18.cap

紀錄一下 md5sum。

$ md5sum BIOSFILE.FD 
f7be6e31c40cbbd4af9bbade74a65c6f  BIOSFILE.FD

開始把原本的 BIOS 版本燒錄進去。途中遇到 flashrom 的 progress counter 爛掉，暫不處理，靜待整個流程跑完。

# flashrom -p linux_spi:dev=/dev/spidev0.0,spispeed=512 -c W25R256JW -w BIOSFILE.FD --progress
flashrom v1.8.0-devel (git:v1.7.0-49-g6a9fd1dc7) on Linux 6.1.21-v8+ (aarch64)
flashrom is free software, get the source code at https://flashrom.org

Found Winbond flash chip "W25R256JW" (32768 kB, SPI) on linux_spi.
===
This flash part has status UNTESTED for operations: WP
The test status of this chip may have been updated in the latest development
version of flashrom. If you are running the latest development version,
please email a report to [email protected] if any of the above operations
work correctly for you with this flash chip. Please include the flashrom log
file for all operations you tested (see the man page for details), and mention
which mainboard or programmer you tested in the subject line.
You can also try to follow the instructions here:
https://www.flashrom.org/contrib_howtos/how_to_mark_chip_tested.html
Thanks for your help!
Reading old flash chip contents... 
[READ: 100%]...done.
Updating flash chip contents... 
 Current progress value 4096 exceeds total value 0 for stage [2]. Increasing total to 4096.
[READ:  0%][ERASE: 100%]... Current progress value 8192 exceeds total value 4096 for stage [2]. Increasing total to 8192. Current progress value 12288 exceeds total value 8192 for stage [2]. Increasing total to 12288. Current progress value 16384 exceeds total value 12288 for stage [2]. Increasing total to 16384. Current progress value 20480 exceeds total value 16384 for stage [2]. Increasing total to 20480. Current progress value 24576 exceeds total value 20480 for stage [2]. Increasing total to 24576. Current progress value 28672 exceeds total value 24576 for stage [2]. Increasing total to 28672. Current progress value 32768 exceeds total value 28672 for stage [2]. Increasing total to 32768. Current progress value 36864 exceeds total value 32768 for stage [2]. Increasing total to 36864. Current progress value 40960 exceeds total value 36864 for stage [2]. Increasing total to 40960. Current progress value 45056 exceeds total value 40960 for stage [2]. Increasing total to 45056. 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[READ:  7%][ERASE: 100%]... Current progress value 2355200 exceeds total value 2289664 for stage [2]. Increasing total to 2355200. Current progress value 2420736 exceeds total value 2355200 for stage [2]. Increasing total to 2420736. Current progress value 2486272 exceeds total value 2420736 for stage [2]. Increasing total to 2486272. Current progress value 2551808 exceeds total value 2486272 for stage [2]. Increasing total to 2551808. Current progress value 2617344 exceeds total value 2551808 for stage [2]. Increasing total to 2617344. Current progress value 2682880 exceeds total value 2617344 for stage [2]. Increasing total to 2682880.
[READ:  8%][ERASE: 100%]... Current progress value 2748416 exceeds total value 2682880 for stage [2]. Increasing total to 2748416. Current progress value 2813952 exceeds total value 2748416 for stage [2]. Increasing total to 2813952. Current progress value 2879488 exceeds total value 2813952 for stage [2]. Increasing total to 2879488. Current progress value 2945024 exceeds total value 2879488 for stage [2]. Increasing total to 2945024. Current progress value 3010560 exceeds total value 2945024 for stage [2]. Increasing total to 3010560.
[READ:  9%][ERASE: 100%]... Current progress value 3076096 exceeds total value 3010560 for stage [2]. Increasing total to 3076096. Current progress value 3141632 exceeds total value 3076096 for stage [2]. Increasing total to 3141632. Current progress value 3207168 exceeds total value 3141632 for stage [2]. Increasing total to 3207168. Current progress value 3272704 exceeds total value 3207168 for stage [2]. Increasing total to 3272704. Current progress value 3338240 exceeds total value 3272704 for stage [2]. Increasing total to 3338240.
[READ: 10%][ERASE: 100%]... Current progress value 3403776 exceeds total value 3338240 for stage [2]. Increasing total to 3403776. Current progress value 3469312 exceeds total value 3403776 for stage [2]. Increasing total to 3469312. Current progress value 3534848 exceeds total value 3469312 for stage [2]. Increasing total to 3534848. Current progress value 3600384 exceeds total value 3534848 for stage [2]. Increasing total to 3600384.
[READ: 10%][ERASE: 100%][WRITE: 86%]...Erase/write done from 0 to 1ffffff
Verifying flash... 
[READ: 100%]...VERIFIED.

再備份一次現在的 BIOS image，以便比對：

# flashrom -p linux_spi:dev=/dev/spidev0.0,spispeed=512 -c W25R256JW -r dump_reflashed_318.bin --progress
flashrom v1.8.0-devel (git:v1.7.0-49-g6a9fd1dc7) on Linux 6.1.21-v8+ (aarch64)
flashrom is free software, get the source code at https://flashrom.org

Found Winbond flash chip "W25R256JW" (32768 kB, SPI) on linux_spi.
===
This flash part has status UNTESTED for operations: WP
The test status of this chip may have been updated in the latest development
version of flashrom. If you are running the latest development version,
please email a report to [email protected] if any of the above operations
work correctly for you with this flash chip. Please include the flashrom log
file for all operations you tested (see the man page for details), and mention
which mainboard or programmer you tested in the subject line.
You can also try to follow the instructions here:
https://www.flashrom.org/contrib_howtos/how_to_mark_chip_tested.html
Thanks for your help!
Reading flash... 
[READ: 100%]...done.

比對剛燒錄進晶片的 image、與之前下載的 image，兩者 md5sum 是否相同：

$ md5sum dump_reflashed_318.bin BIOSFILE.FD
f7be6e31c40cbbd4af9bbade74a65c6f  dump_reflashed_318.bin
f7be6e31c40cbbd4af9bbade74a65c6f  BIOSFILE.FD

確認兩者相符，燒錄完成。移除接線，將筆電組裝回原狀。

嘗試開機。

當看到 Framework 跟 Ubuntu logo 的瞬間，我跟那位同樣救回筆電的苦主一樣 breathed a huge sigh of relief 呼… 如釋重負。

問題

重新開機、進入 BIOS 的設定畫面會發現，不但以前所有的設定被洗掉，包括系統的各種序號也沒了：

從 framework_tool 也查不到各種硬體的序號：

# framework_tool --info
Summary
  Is Framework: true
  Platform:     Framework13Amd7080
BIOS Information
  Vendor:       INSYDE Corp.
  Version:      03.18
  Release Date: 01/08/2026
System Information
  Version:      '* '
  Manufacturer: Framework
  Product Name: Laptop 13 (AMD Ryzen 7040Series)
  Wake-Up-Type: Power_Switch
  SKU Number:   *         
  Serial Number:*                 
  Family:       Laptop
BaseBoard Information
  Version:      '* '
  Manufacturer: Framework
  Product:      FRANMDCP00
  Serial Number:*                 
System Chassis Information
  Type:         Notebook

看樣子 BIOS 晶片不只有存 BIOS 自己的 config，還有各種出廠設定的 metadata。用 hex viewer 把刷壞的映像檔開來看，也能看到各種序號、以及無法跟 3.18 & 3.19 beta BIOS images 匹配的片段。

不想再經歷這種慘劇，下次 BIOS 出新版我就要慎重考慮了，尤其是對已經過保的筆電來說。:'(